Uhorsko

We have only very few sources from the medieval period which can be used for research and reconstruction of families. These are mostly tax registers which don't allow us to make exhaustive demographic analyses. The author uses published tax registers from Košice, Keresztúr, Alsónyék, Sziget and Bardejov to compare demographic situation in those localities. She analyzes differences and similarities and underlines problematic aspects of coefficients used for calculation.

The medieval French chivalric romance, which narrates the adventurous life of Messire Charles de Hongrie, that is, Lord Charles of Hungary, and was written for being read aloud, presents through the figure of its hero the ideal knight to the presumed audience, the inhabitants of the French noble manors. The author of the romance as well as the place and time of its birth are unknown; it has survived in a single manuscript, presumably from the 16th century.

In Slovak and Hungarian historiography and in the public opinions of the both nations as well, there is an extended image that in the Kingdom of Hungary before 1918 having Slovak identity and being a member of the nobility represented two opposing concepts about two irreconcilable social groups. Another widespread concept is that Slovaks were not a complete society within the Kingdom of Hungary as they lacked the nobility of Slovak origin. The aristocracy of Slovak origin (with Slovak as their mother language), had a distinguished position in the Kingdom of Hungary until the end of 1870s.

We situated our research in the second half of the 19th century. In stated time we observe the change in character of religious experience and sentiment. Since it is not possible to encompass all factors, which secularised Hungarian society within one article, and we focused on one significant step, which changed the legislation and nature of marital relationships. 1894 was marked by turbulent voting in the Hungarian parliament about issues of civil marriage.

The period from the Austro-Hungarian Compromise to the outbreak of World War II can be considered as decisive for the modernization of cities in the territory of Slovakia. It is because processes, the impact of which is still today determining the appearance of the urban landscape, took place during these seven decades. Intensive modern urbanization took place in that period in the Kingdom of Hungary and Hungarian cities reached the standards of Western Europe. Particularly between 1867 and 1918, development took place in the same temporal, functional and structural context.

Perspectives of what is corruption have been changing with the development of the society and according to the shifts of its values. The study examines not only activities that were considered morally wrong and corrupted in the middle ages and early modern period, but also those forms of behaviour that started to be generally considered corrupted only later. Anachronistic as this approach might seem, it gives us better insight into the slow process of changing attitudes towards some forms of corruption.

The domestic affairs of Hungary in the first decades of the twentieth century can be described as a series of intertwining corruption scandals. The study gives a joint analysis of four major cases during the years between 1903 and 1913. It examines the reason for the increase in the number of scandals and the way public sins became the central themes of the political agenda at the turn of the century.

In this paper the author gives an overview on the history of corruption in Hungarian Elections. In addition he examines the condition of the Hungarian legal, political and moral norms during the long 19th century to explore the complex reasons of corrupt practices. In the author's opinion the main elements are the following:
(1) The laws were not exacts, the juries gave the politicians forgiveness and the process of electoral petitions was expensive and complicated.

From the viewpoint of current perception and definition of corruption the first half the "long" 19th century represents a milestone. In the process of social modernisation (bureaucratisation, dissolution of corporative structures, spread of literacy etc.) new standards distinguishing between the legitimate co-creation of the public good and the legally and morally disqualifying practices of acquiring personal or group advantages were established.

In historiography, there are exceedingly contradictory evaluations of the "long 19th century" with regard to the development of religiosity, the relationship between the state and the churches as well as mutual relations between individual religious communities. Was it the most ecclesiastical century or did the French Revolution began an unstoppable process of retreat of religion from the "theatre" of history? Can we agree with the opinion that the 19th century brought about the onset of the second confessionalisation in Europe?